"You become really close... you talk about the silly things you did, and we laugh": the role of binge drinking in female secondary students' lives moreSheehan, Margaret and Ridge, Damien T. (2001) "You become really close... you talk about the silly things you did, and we laugh": the role of binge drinking in female secondary students' lives. Substance Use & Misuse, 36 (3). pp. 347-372. ISSN 1082-6084 |
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Narrative Methods, Narrative, Gender and Sexuality, History of Alcohol and Drug Use, Alcohol Studies, Women's Studies, Gender Studies, and Gender
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‘You become really close... you talk about the silly things you did and we laugh’: The role of binge drinking in female secondary students’ lives Margaret Sheehan1 Damien T. Ridge1,2
1 2
School of Health Sciences, Deakin University Damien Ridge now works within the School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster
This is an electronic version of an article first published in Substance Use & Misuse, 36 (3). pp. 347-372. ISSN 1082-6084, February 2001. The definitive version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JA-100102630
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‘You become really close... you talk about the silly things you did and we laugh’: The role of binge drinking in female secondary students’ lives
KEY WORDS: Alcohol, Female students, Harm minimisation, Social construction, Qualitative research by Margaret Sheehan, MPH & Damien Ridge, PhD Address for correspondence: Professor Damien Ridge School of Life Sciences Room C1.29, University of Westminster 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW tel: + 44 (0)20‐7911‐5000, ext 64154 d.ridge@westminster.ac.uk
Substance Use & Misuse, 2001, Vol. 36, No. 3 : Pages 347‐372 “YOU BECOME REALLY CLOSE…YOU TALK ABOUT THE SILLY THINGS YOU DID, AND WE LAUGH”: THE ROLE OF BINGE DRINKING IN FEMALE SECONDARY STUDENTS’ LIVES Margaret Sheehan and Damien Ridge (doi: 10.1081/JA‐100102630)
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ABSTRACT
In Australia, negative attitudes to young women’s drinking have eased, drinking is on the increase, and there are heightened concerns about heavy or ‘binge’ drinking. In a climate where underage drinking is frequently considered undesirable, campaigns aimed at reducing heavy alcohol use have failed. This paper takes as it’s departure point the notion that alcohol plays a meaningful role in social lives and relationships. It is through the use of narrative that these young women make sense of their drinking, which is still stigmatised. Any harms encountered along the way tend to be filtered through the ‘good story’, brimming with tales of fun, adventure, bonding, sex, gender transgressions and relationships. Nevertheless, these women implemented their own practical harm minimisation strategies, and it is here that professionals can gain a foot hold and assist young people to drink more safely. En Australie, les attitudes negatives ont attenué envers la boisson de la part des jeunes femmes,` on boit plus, et des soucis s’intensifient concernant des excès de boisson ou la ‘bringue’. Dans un climat où la consommation d’alcool par les mineurs est souvent considérée comme indésirable, des campagnes contre la boisson à l’excès ont échoué. Cet article s’orient à la notion que l’alcool joue un rôle significatif dans la vie sociale et dans les liens sociaux. C’est par la voie de la narration que ces jeunes femmes saisissent la signification de leur boisson, une activité toujours stigmatisée. Les maux qu’on peut rencontrer en route sont en général adoucis par la ‘bonne histoire’, pleine de contes de bons temps, aventure, amitié, rapports sexuels, transgression du rôle traditionnel de la femme, et rapports. Néanmoins, ces femmes ont mis en pratique des stratégies à fin de minimiser la possibilité du mal, et c’est ici où les professionnels peuvent prendre pied pour aider les jeunes à boire d’une façon moins dangereuse. En Australia, ha disminuido la actitud negativa contra las mujeres jôvenes que beben, cada vez se bebe más y esto crea mayores preocupaciones Sobre el beber en exceso y en las fiestas. En una sociedad donde generalmente se considera indeseable que los menores beban, han fracasado las campaflas para educar sobre cómo reducir el uso excesivo del alcohol. Este ensayo toma como punto de partida la noción de que el alcohol juega un papel importante en la vida social y en las relaciones. Usando la narrativa, estas mujeres jóvenes justifican el beber aunque todavfa esté marcado por el estigma. Cualquier daño que se sufra en el camino tiende a filtrarse a través de los "buenos relatos" , rebosantes de aiegrfa, aventura, amistad, sexo, transgresiones de género y relaciones humanas. Sin embargo, estas mujeres emplean sus propias estrategias prácticas para reducir el daño, y es aquf donde los profesionales pueden hacer hincapié y ayudar a la gente joven a beber con más cuidado.
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Biographies
Damien Ridge PhD is now Professor of Health studies, at the University of Westminster,
London. He was previously a senior researcher at the University of Oxford, and research fellow at Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
Margaret Sheehan MPH has had extensive experience working with the education sector as a
teacher, a consultant for the education department, a curriculum writer, and manager of numerous special education initiatives including alcohol education for secondary schools. The focus of much of Margaret’s work has been in improving teacher practice, with a particular emphasis on translating theory into practice. At the Youth Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Margaret took a lead role in national qualitative audits of secondary school practice in the areas of alcohol education and the promotion of mental health. At Deakin University since 1996, Margaret has continued to be actively involved in schools research exploring factors within school environments that enhance young people’s mental health and promote positive relationships. Margaret is currently a visiting academic at the Royal Danish School of Education, studying the development of action competence and student participation.
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INTRODUCTION Young Australian women grow up in a society where historically alcohol has been widely used and enjoyed (Hamilton, 1987; Bell, 1996; Banwell, 1991; Woolcock, 1991; Sheehan, 1994). Although social norms and expectations can work to limit or conceal women’s drinking, a cultural shift is underway whereby negative attitudes to women’s alcohol use have eased to some extent in recent years (Woolcock, 1991; Park, 1991), and drinking among young women has increased (Shanahan and Hewitt, 1999). Fifty per cent of twelve year old young women have used alcohol, and the figure rises to 95 percent for seventeen year olds (Letcher and White, 1998). While aware of potentially negative outcomes, young men and women also learn that alcohol has advantages including fun and greater social ease and confidence (Davey, 1994; Shanahan and Hewitt, 1999). In the current climate, the concern of health policy makers has converged on young Australians who engage in heavy or ‘binge drinking’. However, definitions of binge drinking vary enormously within the community. The lay understanding of binge drinking seems more aligned with drinking continuously, quickly and heavily. An important aspect of this common interpretation is the notion that the outcome from a binge will be significant or complete drunkenness. School surveys used in Victoria and Australia have generally defined binge drinking as five or more standards drinks in ‘one session’, with no time frame suggested for the session (Crundall, 1991). In the 1996 Victorian Secondary Students and Drug Use Survey, the definition for young women’s binge drinking was revised from five or more drinks, down to three or more drinks in a session (Letcher and White, 1998). Davey (1994) in his work defined ‘extreme bingeing’ as 8‐10 drinks in a session in an attempt to better draw a distinction between degrees of bingeing. Binge drinking (when defined as three or more drinks in a session) is a common practice for female students and increases in prevalence with age. Twenty‐four per cent of year 7 and 58 per cent of year 12 women reported bingeing on at least one occasion over a two week period (Letcher and White, 1998). Young women who binge drink were identified by the National Drug Strategy as an important group for public health interventions because of the higher risks they are exposed to compared to their non bingeing counterparts (National Drug Strategy Committee, 1992). These harms include death, falls and injury, violence, sexual assault, trouble with the law and the breakdown of relationships. Significantly
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though, campaigns and school programs targeting young women’s alcohol use have been, in the main, unsuccessful in reducing heavy drinking behaviours (Makkai, 1993). Little qualitative research relating to women’s alcohol use has been undertaken, and studies have tended to neglect gender differences (Banwell, 1991; Broom, 1994; Astbury et al., 1992). While the literature on the alcohol experiences of young women aged 14‐17 is also lacking, there is some information on drinking patterns and reasons for use. It is known that the majority of drinking occurs on the weekend; young women have a preference for drinking spirits; and the drinking contexts include family homes, friends places, parks, the streets, pubs and nightclubs (Crundall, 1991; Hibbert et al., 1992; New South Wales Drug and Alcohol Directorate, 1992). This research strongly supports the findings for other population groups that the major reasons young women report for drinking are to socialise, relax and have fun. While important, this quantitative research provides only limited insight into the contexts and meanings underlying young women’s drinking. Additionally, this literature tends to give an impression of homogeneity among young women, rather than a diversity of socioeconomic backgrounds, cultures and geographic locations. The study reported on in this paper originally grew out of work with teachers and young women on a national alcohol education project entitled ‘Rethinking Drinking’ (McLeod, 1997). This project aimed to provide accurate and relevant alcohol education for students in year 9 and 10. The current research aimed to explore young women’s alcohol use and to understand the role it played in their lives. The quantitative data collected in the first research phase revealed that more than half of the young women had felt drunk as a result of their drinking. The focus groups, which were conducted with young women classified as ‘heavy drinkers’ elaborated on themes from the initial survey. The analysis from these group discussions forms the core of this paper which explores the ways in which young women use alcohol, the role of alcohol in their lives, and the harms and other outcomes which were experienced as a result of bingeing. Where appropriate, limited data from the survey is included in the paper to provide a comprehensive picture about some key aspects of the research.
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There is a discourse within youth alcohol research that underage drinking is necessarily undesirable (Harris and Sheehan, 1995). The current paper takes as its starting point the premise that at some level alcohol plays a meaningful role in young peoples’ lives (Pavis et al., 1997). The discussion explores the meanings behind lived experiences of ‘binge drinking’, especially in terms of mediating social relationships. The meanings of alcohol are explored with young women from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. By viewing study participants as ‘experts’ in bingeing, the paper moves beyond examining causes, and advances the voice of young women about the meaning of alcohol and bingeing within their own lives (Nimmagadda, 1999). These meanings are multiple and revolved around pleasure, gender expectations, socialising, relationships, fun, secrecy and transgression, danger, exploration and independence. Additionally, the analysis situates ‘binge drinking’ within a broader framework of young womens’ drinking and the narratives of young womens’ lives. In doing so, the discussion problematises harm minimisation approaches that sidestep pleasure, while providing some insights into how harms might be addressed. METHODS The research was designed in two phases and carried out between May and September 1996. In the first phase, 850 young women in year 9 and 10 (aged 14‐16) from nine different secondary schools across Victoria participated in completing an anonymous, 126 item self‐report questionnaire (Sheehan, 1997). The instrument was used to collect data about consumption rates, drinking patterns, attitudes to drinking, drinking situations, harmful experiences, positive experiences, reasons for drinking and alcohol education lessons at school. The questionnaire was adapted from a well established survey Victorian School Students Drug Use Survey and was also piloted with one group of year 9 and year 10 girls. The survey took between 25‐40 minutes to complete and required a reading age of approximately 12 years. In the second phase, four focus groups were used to facilitate the exploration of issues which emerged from the survey in greater depth, allowing young women to describe experiences of alcohol in their own terms. The focus group method was chosen to allow participants to interact socially with each other and create dialogue around alcohol experiences in a manner consistent with their experiences of drinking. The focus groups included young women who completed the survey and had binge drank. The results of the initial survey were used in the construction of a themes list for a pilot focus group
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discussion around common alcohol harms and experiences. The themes covered in the focus groups included levels of consumption; harms experienced; positive stories; role of peers; attitudes to young women drinking; storytelling around typical episodes of bingeing; influence of situations on harms; school alcohol education programs; and links between alcohol and relationships/sex. With Monash University ethics clearance and Department of Education approval, four school survey sites were identified for follow‐up focus groups, and young women were invited to volunteer by completing an attached form at the completion of the class survey. On the day of the survey, the researcher explained the aims of the focus groups and explained that focus group volunteer names would not be linked to their completed surveys. Immediately following the survey all volunteers were considered against the criteria of bingeing experiences and harms experienced. Forms were then detached from surveys to ensure subsequent anonymity. The volunteers were given a plain English statement about the focus group and a consent form for both the parent/carer and their own signatures. Volunteers who returned forms were contacted by telephone and arrangements were made directly with the study participant independently of the school. A focus group was then carried out in each of the four areas with a total of twenty three girls involved, with n= 7, 6, 5 and 4. Sampling Year 9 and 10 female students were selected for the survey and focus groups with the goal of sampling students old enough to be engaged in relatively high levels of drinking, but not legally of age to purchase alcohol or drink on licensed premises. This aim was achieved, with almost 73 per cent of survey participants having consumed alcohol in the previous month and around 58 per cent stating they had ‘felt drunk’. In selecting schools for the quantitative survey, strata categories of socioeconomic level, ethnic background and geographic location (urban, peri‐urban and rural) directed the identification of seven postcode areas. The seven school sites (where a ‘school site’ means all those schools participating from a specific post code area) were ranked according to indices provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 1991), on a scale of one to seven, where seven indicated the most disadvantaged site. Focus groups were conducted at four sites only due to the constraints on resources available to the project (ABS rankings in parentheses): Country (6), Metropolitan Eastern (3),
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Metropolitan Fringe (2) and Low Income (7). Focus group participants were selected using criterion sampling from those volunteers who reported drinking regularly and who binge drank or consumed alcohol at harmful levels on a regular basis according to National Health and Medical Research Council (1992) guidelines. Students also needed to have experienced at least three alcohol related harms (from a list of 20 categorised as emotional, social, physical or sexual on the ‘harms chart’ in the survey) to be included. Where feasible, attempts were made to include close friends in each group discussion to facilitate dialogue. This was possible when young women volunteered information during the telephone contact about friends who had also volunteered. Focus Group sketches Country ( n=4) Girls in this group were relatively quiet almost reserved although they shared a lot of stories about alcohol within their lives in the country. They had all agreed to change out of their school uniforms before the focus group and wore jeans and t‐ shirts, all plain colors. They didn’t wear make up, seeming a little young for their years. While not phased by the research they were perhaps a little wary of my being from the city only because ‘things like drinking are different in the country.’. Initially this group were uncomfortable to accept a drink or any food but with persuasion gratefully accepted. These girls enjoyed school but were bored with option outside school. They didn’t giggle together yet shared knowing smiles and told their stories in honest matter of fact ways. They didn’t waste words. Metro Eastern n=5 This group of girls all had boyfriends and interestingly defined themselves as such. “We are the girlfriends, you know the girls with boyfriends”. Being a girlfriend was seen as a status thing This group of girls looked the most stereotypical young fashion victims with beads and clips in hair, heavy platform runners, tight short tops, and loose baggy jeans frayed at the bottom but none in uniform. They seemed the least connected to each other and while aquatinted were not all peers. Interestingly three of them lived in single parent families and experienced significant freedom in their outside school time. There was greater diversity in this group than others with young women varied from friendly, wary, to open and confident. They all seemed and flattered that they were to be the subject of research, as
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they said there ‘life was often so boring’. Academic aspects of school were not regarded as important by them. Lower Income n=6 The lower income girls were more alternative in appearance and dress including body piercing, dreadlocks and petticoats as outer garments. The fact that one girl was homeless and another living out of home seemed more a fact of life than a problem. School was mentioned as only a part of life with another whole world away from school. For their age this group seemed independent and worldly however there was a sense of close connection, looking after and out for each other, perhaps a sisterhood that was not so evident in other groups. They were interested to know about my research but not excited by their inclusion in it ‐ they understood that I needed them. Most were assertive occasionally bold, and two of them a little angry. There were what you might call in your face but nothing about them was intimidating. with one of them being very articulate. This group used explicit language freely, not seeking my approval, and transgressed any stereotype of giggly school girls. They wanted me to like them, but didn’t care if I didn’t‐ and I did‐ they were very likeable. Fringe n=7 Girls in this group were very outgoing, friendly, excited, chatty with a few of them having very loud voices. They laughed, giggled, with an occasional scream as they engaged in the group. They spoke across and over each other but accommodated their peers when necessary. Their slight lack of confidence showed in their surprise at my interest in them and their gratitude for my treating them as adults. This being the largest group may have contributed to the feeling that they were part of a big gang, or maybe the stories about everyone hanging out together made me interpret them as more of a gang than any of the other groups.. School was the hub of their lives and they spoke positively about the social aspects. While all wearing school uniform half wore heavy eye make, jewellery, and nail polish seemingly more as a fashion statement than rebellion. Some girls seemed to have extensive knowledge of life, but fewer few experiences. They spoke a lot about gender differences often referring to boys as their mates, brothers, friends with sometimes an resigned acceptance that life would be different for girls than boys.
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Data collection and analysis The focus groups were all led by the first author, a researcher and former teacher who has extensive experience working with young women. The surveys and discussions were conducted between May and September 1996, with the focus groups being scheduled within six weeks of the survey. The discussions were conducted in informal, relaxed settings away from the school premises, including a café, McDonalds, a community centre and a private home. In an attempt to find the most comfortable local venue young women were invited to suggest one. The range of choices available to the fringe and country focus groups were somewhat restricted compared with those of the city focus groups. Initially the venue appeared to influence both mood and group expectations. For example the girls arriving for the focus group at the community health centre, somewhat unfamiliar to them, were expecting a more formal meeting while the young women entering McDonalds seemed relaxed, in familiar surrounds almost demanding an informality in what was to follow. The deliberate sharing of food including chips, chocolate, coke and cake while talking informally resulted in a relaxed, informal atmosphere where many girls began to ‘tell stories’ about school. The smallest group in the country took the longest to warm up but all groups of young women spoke and behaved comfortably within the spaces they used for the focus group. Discussion was based on the themes list, but tended to be more directed by the participants. Group discussions lasted from between 40 and 90 minutes. Focus groups were tape recorded and fully transcribed. The transcripts were coded manually using a themes approach after the researcher thoroughly familiarised herself with the transcripts. Themes were also generated by contrasting the transcripts with the survey results and the general literature. Aspects of the analysis were triangulated (e.g. against survey data, data revealed after focus groups), and this has allowed for comparison of information for congruence of meaning.
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RESULTS The meaning of drinking, bingeing, risk and harm The survey and focus group results confirmed that young women primarily drink for fun, enjoyment and to feel good. The other top responses were ‘to relax’, ‘to be popular and mix with friends’, and ‘to cheer up/forget worries’. The theme of drinking due to boredom was strong both in the country focus group and the group on the metropolitan fringe. To ‘pick up guys’ or ‘get on with someone’ was mentioned in all focus groups, and the link between alcohol, relationships, boys and sex was raised repeatedly by young women in group discussions. The majority of young women surveyed had experienced positive outcomes from their drinking (56%), with only 19 per cent in the survey reporting that they could recall negative or bad experiences from their own perspective. However, highlighting the gap between young peoples’ and professional interpretations of alcohol related harms, 75 per cent of young women reported experiencing at least one alcohol related harm (as defined by the researcher), with the mean number of harms being 4.6. Here, the researcher included physical, sexual, emotional and social harms (e.g. lying to parents, conflict with friends, making a fool of yourself, trouble getting home, damage to property and vomiting). These kinds of harms did not particularly feature in participant stories as being harms worthy of consideration. In fact, the notion of linking harm and alcohol did not sit easily with these womens’ narratives. I wouldn’t really say that having an argument with your friend was a real harm. Its not like getting killed in a car or bashed up or raped or something.... I mean they’re real problems. (Lower income) The worst harms for girls are to do with getting really drunk and getting taken advantage of by boys and ending up being with someone and you might not remember. (Fringe) No its not... the worst harm is like dying like getting killed in a car and wandering away and falling unconscious, or drowning. We’ve had that happen to one of our friends, not drown but she got lost and she was unconscious. (Fringe)
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As mentioned previously, the majority of drinkers emphasised positive alcohol experiences. The most common positive experiences reported in an open ended questioning were ‘increased fun at an event’, ‘feeling happy and in control’, ‘increased confidence around boys’ and ‘feeling more relaxed’. The focus groups expanded on the theme of fun and enjoyment with women telling stories about adventures, pranks, conquests and increased intimacy.
School site positive and negative drinking experiences
Negative
90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0
Country 1 Country 1 Govt Fringe Govt Fringe Lower Income Lower Income North Metro North Country 2 Country 2 Metro
73.2 59.6 53.1 46.1 40 24 23.2
Positive
55.8
21.4
20.5
School site
[Insert Figure 1 about here] Figure 1 shows that the lower income school site recounted the highest incidence of harms (40%), yet they also reported the highest level of positive memories (73%). Focus groups revealed that the two categories of experience were interconnected with the good and not so good times occurring as part of the one experience. The risks and occasional negative outcomes from drinking were all considered as part of the total experience and bigger story. There appears to be no clear distinction between positive and negative times, as all alcohol experiences subsequently contribute to the whole, becoming the ‘good’ anecdote. The filthy hang over the next morning or the uncomfortable situation with a boy do not exist on their
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own. They are accepted elements of the socialising that afforded a good time, a pleasurable interaction and a shared experience which can be savored and recounted with embellishment if necessary. “Our friend was drunk and walking around the party ,hugging and kissing everyone and crying saying if anything happened to you I’d be so sad – I really love you. It was hilarious – then she fell over and cut her leg – that wasn’t so funny” (Metro east) “I was having the best time and dancing and pretending to sing into the microphone – you know, and Karen was doing her spitting beer through her teeth trick. Then I felt the room start to spin and I though Oh my god I’m gunna chuck and I did, about ten times” (Metro east) The question “How will you feel tomorrow?”, which was the key message of a youth alcohol mass media campaigning (Commonwealth Department of Health & Family Services, 1996), in many cases from a young woman’s perspective may be answered simply: pretty good, very pleased, happy, amused, pissed off if you’ve been caught out, and looking forward to the next time. Even if a harm occurs as judged by the health professional or parent, the assumption that the prevailing memory will be a negative one does not necessarily follow from young womens’ stories. As argued in the introduction, the culture of alcohol use has changed and it is more acceptable than ever for young women to use alcohol (Broom, 1994). The norms which govern alcohol’s social acceptability today allow much greater alcohol intake than in the past. In fact, Park (1991) notes that what is now considered socially acceptable is no longer synonymous with safe levels of alcohol use. Many of the stories in the current study included tales of consumption of large amounts of alcohol as an acceptable part of the drinking ritual regardless of the consequences. “Three glasses of wine and I’ll be pretty tipsy, and then another 2 or 3 on top of that and I’ll be obviously drunk. And I’d be really confident socialising and having a party
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and then another 2 and I’d be on the floor.... I’ve got the worst alcohol tolerance really.” (Fringe) On a Friday you’d go over to your friends place and just have a nice quiet drink or something, maybe share a bottle of vodka (large bottle) between three of us – you wouldn’t get really pissed or anything (Metro east) In terms of ‘binge drinking’, young women’s interpretations are considerably removed from some professional definitions that would classify young women consuming three glasses of wine over a whole evening as binge drinking. This social drinking (for instance, sharing 22 standard drinks between 3 people as in the quote above) by young women juxtaposed against professional definitions of hazardous levels of drinking highlights the gap between public health policy directions, social norms and young womens lived experiences of alcohol. While the National Goals and Target document identified the reduction of binge drinking from 14 per cent to 10 per cent by the year 2000 (Nutbeam et al., 1993), one young woman explained: “It’s not even seen by us as anything major I mean everyone drinks, some people get really pissed others stay in control... there are plenty of worse things.... we could be doing drugs and stuff” (Country) Some professional constructions of ‘risk’ ascribed to bingeing assume that drinking risks are somewhat separated out from and somehow more significant than everyday risks in life. Such constructions of risk do not make sense within these young womens’ stories. Alcohol is rarely used for the sole purpose of feeling inebriated. On the contrary, alcohol is fully entangled in socialising, playing a meaningful role in pleasure and fun, the negotiation of relationships, belonging to the group and the expression of interpersonal feelings such as belonging and anger. Many authors now argue that young people are not members of a special high risk category (Wyn and White, 1997; Ridge, 1994). Nevertheless, experimentation and risk taking with substances is a feature of growing up in Western industrialised societies. Learning to use alcohol in various social contexts, including by
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making mistakes, needs to be grasped as an important task for young people (Lowe et al., 1993; Pavis et al., 1997). While there may be an argument for protecting young women from identifiable harms, there tends to be a confused professional discourse about protecting them from their own ignorance or their peers. The notion that they know no better, are led by their peers, are ill informed or drink for negative reasons, denies young women credit for their drinking choices. Many drinking stories highlighted the choices young women made, and as such they had considerable agency. They plan their drinking, sometimes control their intake, or deliberately use alcohol to alter their mood and their experiences of interpersonal dynamics. As soon as you’re drunk you think I’m going to stop now because I’m going to save my alcohol. If you keep drinking what’s the point. (Low income) I’d sort of had enough but I kept on drinking because I’m usually really shy and when I drink I mix more easily and have a better time. (Country) Story telling and secrets It became clear to the researcher that the storytelling around alcohol involved narratives that had been told and retold within the group many times. These alcohol narratives were effective in drawing together and creating a coherent account of a range of social experiences which might otherwise be interpreted in individualised, fragmented and less positive ways. The voice of these young women telling their stories is loud, occasionally bold, yet sometimes confused and embarrassed. Regardless of the harms involved, the narratives were generally threaded together by a chorus of laughter borne of happy memories shared among friends. Young women insisted in both the survey and the focus groups that they drink because it is fundamentally fun and pleasurable. Here, in the comfort and company of friends, narratives of drinking can be important in group identification and bonding.
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“When you drink with people you become really close to them.... you talk about the silly things you did and we laugh....the other day we were laughing so much we were crying with laughter.” (Lower income) Young womens’ stories revealed a tendency to hide the extent of their drinking from outsiders including adults and other young people who might judge them. These young women understand that their drinking has a contested status. The perceived stigma of drinking meant that the young women interviewed had difficulties voicing their bingeing experiences outside of their own drinking group. Adults were not to be trusted and drinking secrets were well guarded. “They talk about a harm minimisation approach but if they find out there’s been a party where people got pissed, they want to know all your business and probably phone your parents and then send you to the counsellor” (Metro east) “ My mother would kill me if she knew I drank, she thinks I’m a goody two shoes and also because I’ve got asthma she thinks I shouldn’t drink” (Fringe) A number of stories highlighted the reality of drinking being illegitimate and the social sanctions involved. One informant was suspended from school for “getting pissed at the social”, and numerous girls were grounded, lectured to or otherwise punished for drinking. Social sanctions are accepted as part of the territory by the informants, being incorporated into the ‘good story’ of bingeing. “ My parents made me go to a drug and alcohol counsellor after they found out I spewed at a party. My mum said I don’t want you to turn into a teenage alcoholic ..... as if....”(laughter) (Metro east) Young women reported that outside their own group of peers their drinking was not considered entirely acceptable, even though there was a begrudging acceptance that they drank. In this sense, their use of alcohol was not a secret they anguished over. Rather,
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aspects of their stories needed to be hidden in a pragmatic sense to protect their own interests. My mum knows that we all drink but she’d rather not know about it she says – just be sensible – She’s got no idea of what we actually do or how much we really drink (Fringe) She [the mother] said she doesn’t really mind if I have a drink or two but she doesn’t want me drinking and getting really drunk. I said why don’t you trust me ? She said I do, its just you never know how other people are going to behave. She lets me go out without asking too many questions and says don’t let me down. Sometimes I have to lie to her or just tell half the truth, just so I don’t let her down of course. (all laugh) You know I don’t want her worrying about me, being such a caring daughter and all. (more laughter) (Fringe) Young women have learnt they need to keep quiet, and this silence appears to serve a meaningful role in terms of the group identification. These young women share the secret of bingeing. They bond and identify around bingeing because they share meaningful and ‘good’ stories, as well as the expectation to hide the extent of their drinking, be it from parents, teachers, health educators or boys. “Lots of us get drunk....I’m not sure about the geeks, we don’t mix with them but I heard them talking about their party and they were going to be drinking, I thought, Oh my God, if the geeks drink, everyone must drink. I can’t imagine them pissed, not that they’d really tell anyone. They’d be more scared than us of getting caught....” (Metro East) Additional possibilities for the editing and self censorship of young womens’ drinking stories are discussed further down, including the power of stereotypes of femininity and a lack of comfort by health professionals about the ethics of exploring behaviours of young people that are deemed deviant or illegal.
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The social terrain
The role of alcohol and bingeing in mediating social relations The role that alcohol plays in young
womens lives needs to be understood within the context of their social and sexual relations as they deal with the challenges involved in growing up. Young womens stories of alcohol and bingeing can generally be understood as stories about relationships and exploring the possibilities for greater independence. The majority of stories highlight the importance of social connection in relations as a key feature in young womens’ lives where alcohol works as a facilitator. Shared with friends, alcohol enhanced social relations, helped young women to relax and feel good after a week at school, socialise and engage in all kinds of young women’s business. Your closeness with your friends gives you this amazing quality of life feeling and I think isn’t life great, it makes me basically happy all the time. (Lower income) I decided not to have a drink because I was working the next morning and I was just standing there and they (her friends) were all drinking and having a good time and laughing and I felt really left out so I had a few drinks and I had a good time too – I was really glad that I ended up drinking, not for drinking sake but to be part of the group. (Country) The stories of bingeing have a commonality in that alcohol plays an important role in mediating social relationships. For instance, establishing relations with boys is not without it’s stresses. Alcohol was important in exploring, developing and even finishing relationships with boys. While there are dangers (e.g. to reputation) that study participants were well aware of, young women were able to harness the sexual assertiveness that accompanied intoxication and put it to good use. Some girls, if they like a guy they’ll just go for it if they’ve been drinking when normally they wouldn’t... because they’ve been drinking the boys will think OK this is good... (Fringe)
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I was having a great time and I was pissed and so was he, and boys always talk more to you when they’ve been drinking....we were dancing and he kept smiling at me and I was smiling and laughing..... I thought he was bad (*bad here is meant as very desirable). (Fringe) At the time, if they’re drunk its a lot easier to talk to boys and you don’t care so much about what you say so you loosed up. (Country) It was clear to the interviewer that belonging to a group and feeling connected to a group was extremely important for these young women. Alcohol in many cases was being used to assist in the communication, to reduce the shyness, and sometimes in heightening the sensuality of sex.
Heterogeneity The category of binge drinkers as targeted by health interventions assumes a
discrete group of young women without necessarily acknowledging that this group may be heterogeneous. The results of the current analysis are consistent with rejections of universal and homogeneous categorisations of youth (Wyn and White, 1997). Social and alcohol use differences were evident between as well as within the five focus groups (Wilcox‐Rountree and Clayton, 1999). While some young women had strong supportive networks of girlfriends who helped them cope with life’s drama and challenges, other relied on boyfriends for support. Stories highlighted different amounts of leisure time, differing degrees of freedom and differing levels of responsibility within the family. Social differences translated into differences in alcohol use, including in consumption, drinking session environments, the role the friendship group plays, the perceived stigma associated as well as the interpretation of harm minimisation messages directed at them. For instance, parental drinking patterns differed significantly from those informants who stated that a parent was an alcoholic, to both mothers and father who never drank. There were a few young women who drank with their mothers, and another who always gave her mother two Panadols and a cup of tea after her mother had been out with the girls. A number of young women were well aware that drinking breached family rules and expectations. Binge drinking occurred at Vodka and video nights, at parties with friends, in night clubs, outside no alcohol discos and by a range of girls. Some young women from the lower income area reported drinking cask wine
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because it was effective and cheap. This group also told stories of taking public transport late at night and engagement in minor vandalism when they were intoxicated. The lower income group of women occasionally engaged in aggressive acts while intoxicated. Well this isn’t really a very nice story but I smeared cat shit on the neighbors undies when they were hanging on the line, she’s such a bitch....I still think she’s a bitch when I’m sober but I wouldn’t have done that. (Lower income) Just finding yourself with some complete stranger sitting on a station and thinking Oh My God where am I?.... I find that when I’m drunk I get too confident and I get smart and rude and I’ve gotten myself into plenty of situations where someone could have beaten the shit out of me.....when we used to go out as a group we’d walk up to people on train and get right next to them and yell as loud as we could to frighten them... sometimes they’d try to get away and we’d follow them(all laugh) just for fun. (Lower income)
Gender relations and bingeing It is clear within the literature that there is a double standard in
relation to young men and women’s drinking. Broom (1994) argues that alcohol is still socially disapproved of on a sex specific basis, resulting in restrictions on young womens’ drinking behaviours. Gender was indeed a theme in many of the young womens’ stories. Two pervasive themes in the current study included the importance of codes of femininity and the transgression of those codes. Young womens stories in the current study incorporate incidents where drinking was not accepted for them in the same way it was for their male counterparts. In particular, a number of young women told stories about being treated differently to their brothers. They frequently interpreted this differential treatment as linked to their perceived vulnerability to sexual harm. Young women were amused, annoyed and frequently resigned to the double standards they experienced. My mum saw my friends and me down the main street with some guys who were drinking. She said I saw you hanging around the street‐ I hope you weren’t drinking‐ you looked liked a bunch of little sluts”(Fringe)
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My brother is 18 and whenever my dad has a drink or a beer he offers my brother and my sister is 23 and he won’t offer her a drink. She and her boyfriend will come over, my dad will offer her boyfriend a beer, but he still wont offer Linda a beer.... she said one day, aren’t you going to offer me a beer and dad says well you can go get your own if you want one. He still won’t get her one. (Fringe) “My boyfriend doesn’t mind me drinking, but he doesn’t like me drinking too much because he doesn’t trust the other guys, so usually when I drink with him I stay pretty sober” (Metro east) There was an initial reluctance to tell transgressive stories, with a constant checking with the group during the interview to ensure a particular story could be told. These young women knew they were playing with and sometimes pushing the boundaries of socially sanctioned femininity. The hesitancy young women displayed in voicing the ‘awful’ things they had done when drunk appeared related to a fear of being judged as ‘not nice girls’. Nevertheless, given permission, time and support by the interviewer to talk about the ‘unfeminine’, rebellious, loutish and aggressive behavior, young women were keen to tell their stories. The transgressions reported included vomiting and getting it stuck in their hair; fighting with their friends over boys, aggressive language, physically brawling with other girls and behaving in a ‘sluttish’ manner including with boys considered to be ‘creeps’. You’d be disgusted if you knew what I did‐ oh no I can’t tell you, I was so horrible... no don’t tell her... OK I’ll go and get a drink and you can tell her (laughs and leaves the room) (Lower income) There’s this school nut and I don’t get along with her very well. It’s got to do with my boyfriend she likes him or something like that. At the school social we had both been drinking and we’re standing in the middle of the floor yelling and screaming at each other and the two of us nearly got into a punch up.... in our evening dresses. How classy is that? (Metro east)
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While it is tempting to romanticise these transgressions as challenging feminine stereotypes, this ‘coming out’ was more about testing the water, frequently in the safety of numbers. In telling the stories, it was a sheepish group outing, not individuals confidently rebelling and going out on a limb. These young womens’ stories are consistent with Brooms (1994) claim that regimes of femininity shape women’s drug use, including choice of drug, the social environment of use and the social response to use. Finally, the suggestion that young women ignore safe drinking messages in the quest for equality with their male counterparts (Ling and Spurritt, 1998) was not a theme in the focus groups. Sometimes they (boys) go on about how they drank a slab, and got so pissed and how drunk they were…I wish I could down a slab in front of them to shut them up but why would you bother? (Fringe) Harm minimisation Despite differences in lay and professional discourses around harm, young women were keen to minimise harm in ways that were practical in their circumstances. Young women were not victims of their lack of decision making skills. On the contrary, they were aware of and practiced a range of harm minimisation strategies. What we do is take it in turn. If there was a party and we go along, she’d say to me are you going to be drinking and if I say no, I really don't feel like it she’ll say will you look after me and I do the same sort of thing... but if it ended up she was drinking and I was drinking, I’d make sure someone I trusted looked after me. (Metro east) Most were acutely aware of environments and situations which put them at risk, and implemented their own harm minimisation strategies. One young woman reported that when she had to catch the last train home she would never be ‘really off her face because she’d be an easy target’. However, young women acknowledged limitations to protection against sexual harm, stating that although they could protect themselves against sexual harm, if men wanted to get them they would, whether you were drunk or sober. Another harm minimisation strategy reported was that of selecting drinking environments that were safer than others. Women tended to keep together in groups when they drank in parks,
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outdoor sports grounds, or in the city. Often, if there was access to a house this would be used for a party. Generally, young women thought drinking inside was safer than being on the street. They were well aware of the dangers of getting into a car with a drunk driver or driving themselves when drunk. Some also reported keeping friends out of cars. Through previous experiences, one young woman felt she had a propensity to ‘crack onto just anyone’ after she had been drinking too much. She established a deal with her friends that if she began to harass a certain male who she really liked, they would stop her to ensure that she didn’t make a fool of herself and scare him away for good. CONCLUSION For the majority of young women in the sample, drinking and bingeing experiences are interpreted in meaningful and positive ways. Direct experiences of alcohol are woven together through individual and group narratives. It is through telling stories that these young women are able to make sense of and locate their drinking within their various social realities. As a stigmatised activity, bingeing for young women only takes on coherency of meaning through the good story. The power of narrative here has to do with the way that practical experiences associated with a marginalised activity are linked together with moral content, allowing embellishment, ongoing interpretation and philosophies to be developed (Cruikshank, 1997). For instance, an ethic emerging from stories brimming with drama and fun was that women should try to look out for themselves and each other when bingeing involved a lack of control. Group participants identify around, and bond through, their alcohol experiences and narratives. Here, harms encountered along the way tend to be filtered through enjoyable tales. Alcohol and bingeing tales contribute to the fabric of these young womens lives with a mix of enjoyment, pleasure, confidence, fun, closeness, secrecy, friendships, exploration of relationships and sex. In contrast to some professional discourses, the lived experience of these women is that harm is rarely the outcome, and never exclusively on its own. If young women are going to identify with the messages of health promoters, there is an important acknowledgement that needs to be made first. Drinking alcohol is meaningful, part of relationship building, and women make active interpretations and choices in their drinking. Further, any attempts at marginalising the activity is resisted through the power of
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narrative. For instance, women in the study provided many examples of the restrictions that codes of femininity potentially placed on them, in terms of drinking and its interpretation. The transgression of such feminine codes, while not a full scale defiance of social norms, was a significant theme in the stories and fits with the notion of narrative as form of challenge to hegemonic discourses. Such limited transgressions are commensurate with the marginality of the activity backed up by multiple reasons for the disapproval of young womens’ drinking including: perceptions of impaired nurturing ability; greater accessibility as a sexual partner; the status of victim of sexual assault, and the release of emotions that do not always sit comfortably with notions of femininity such as anger (Gomberg, 1988). While it remains a challenge to minimise dangers in the more harmful practices related to young women’s drinking, further exploring young womens’ narratives may provide a valuable way forward in promoting women’s own protection strategies. The focus groups interviews bore out that students already had a significant amount of knowledge and experience around drinking, and they implemented sensible harm minimisation strategies themselves. Further, the current analysis challenges those who would single out and prioritise alcohol risks above other risks in everyday life. There were context specific dangers experienced by young women, especially for those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The contexts in which they live and drink are dangerous. Being on a train station alone late at night is potentially dangerous, as is living in a home with domestic violence or living on the street, as was the case for one young woman in a focus group. By recognising that young women drink and there are risks commensurate with other aspects of living, professionals can assist young women to more realistically appraise potentially harmful settings and situations, and further develop their own strategies and skills to minimise harm (Wyn and Sheehan, 1995). One shortcoming of the current study was the small number of focus groups and hence the limited selection of young women. The diversity of young women and alcohol experiences hinted at in the findings points to the need for future research which explores such differences. The inclusion of peers in the focus groups as in this study introduces the possibility that relationships and pre existing dynamic between members of the group are more important in the communication process than the needs of the researcher. Although
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at times “proving ones self’ appeared to encourage exaggeration of alcohol related stories the seeming closeness and familiarity with each other appeared to temper (through claims of disbelief and amusement) stories that were too tall. While possible exaggerations might be considered a limitation of the methodology, it is also possible to look at such embellishments as actually providing useful insights into the way that bingeing narratives and good anecdotes operated to draw friends together and create coherent meaning frameworks which resisted hegemonic expectations. Similarly, the subjectivity of the field researcher was crucial. She was once a student who used alcohol and experienced a number of binge drinking outcomes in her own school years. As it turned out, the first researcher’s ability to relate to the narratives was an important consideration in the collection of data and the analysis. The researcher was able to empathise with the experiences of the study participants and communicate this understanding. She gained the sense that her particular approach gave participants license to come forward with stories which might not ordinarily have been revealed to ‘outsiders’, particularly adults. However one cannot always be certain that the meaning given to the situation by the researcher corresponds exactly to the meaning given by the respondents.
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Figure 1: 'Positive' and 'negative' drinking experiences by school site
100%
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Percentage of survey respondents
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positive negative
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0% Country 1 Government fringe Lower income School site North Metro Country 2
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